Die Kelders Cave 1 (Layer 11)
Basic information
Sample name: Die Kelders Cave 1 (Layer 11)
Reference: R. G. Klein and K. Cruz-Uribe. 2000. Middle and later stone age large mammal and tortoise remains from Die Kelders Cave 1, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 38(1):169-195 [ER 3715]
Geography
Country: South Africa
State: Western Cape
Coordinate: 34° 32' S, 19° 22' E
Coordinate basis: stated in text
Time interval: Late Pleistocene
Section: 3715
Unit number: 2
Unit order: above to below
Max Ma: 0.0703
Min Ma: 0.0594
Age basis: OSL
Geography comments: "The site of Die Kelders (DK) consists of a pair of contiguous caves situated at sea level on the southwestern coast of South Africa".
A series of OSL dates from Layers 9-11 of the DK1 deposit range from 70.3 ± 5·8 ka to 59.4 ± 5.0 ka (Feathers & Bush 2000).
A series of OSL dates from Layers 9-11 of the DK1 deposit range from 70.3 ± 5·8 ka to 59.4 ± 5.0 ka (Feathers & Bush 2000).
Environment
Lithology: sandstone
Taphonomic context: bird accumulation,cave,human accumulation
Archaeology: stone tools
Habitat comments: "Die Kelders Cave 1 was formed by wave action and fresh-water seepage, and consists of 17 stratigraphic layers".
"Layer 11 consists of inter-bedded light and dark sands with the darker sands having higher, but not particularly dense, concentrations of dune molerat and micro-mammal bones. The small sample of lithics from Layer 11 shows the same dominance as Layer 10 by un-retouched flakes and blades, but there is a slight rise in the frequency of silcrete".
The site is a combination of bird and human accumulations. Eagle owls were most likely responsible for the accumulation of small mammals (molerats, hares, hyraxes) while humans were "the predominant accumulator of large mammals" (ungulates and seals), as indicated by "the frequency of hammer-stone percussion marks and carnivore toothmarks".
"Layer 11 consists of inter-bedded light and dark sands with the darker sands having higher, but not particularly dense, concentrations of dune molerat and micro-mammal bones. The small sample of lithics from Layer 11 shows the same dominance as Layer 10 by un-retouched flakes and blades, but there is a slight rise in the frequency of silcrete".
The site is a combination of bird and human accumulations. Eagle owls were most likely responsible for the accumulation of small mammals (molerats, hares, hyraxes) while humans were "the predominant accumulator of large mammals" (ungulates and seals), as indicated by "the frequency of hammer-stone percussion marks and carnivore toothmarks".
Methods
Life forms: rodents,ungulates,marine mammals,other large mammals,other small mammals
Sampling methods: quarry,screenwash
Sample size: 395 specimens
Years: 1969 - 1995
Sampling comments: "Die Kelders Cave 1 was excavated on two occasions: first between 1969 and 1973, and again from 1992 to 1995".
"The original excavations were conducted within 1 m squares that were excavated in natural stratigraphic units. All sediments were wet-screened through 1/8th inch (3 mm) mesh, with bone sorted into identifiable and non-identifiable sets. The more recent excavations were conducted within 50 cm2 quadrants within 1 m squares and all sediments were wet-screened through a nested 12 mm, 3 mm, and 1·5 mm mesh sieve".
The register below corresponds to the remains uncovered from Layer 11 in both excavations combined, including additional identifiable material found in the non-identifiable bags from the original excavations. This additional material was presented by Marean et al. (2000) in their analysis of the large mammal fauna from this layer.
"The original excavations were conducted within 1 m squares that were excavated in natural stratigraphic units. All sediments were wet-screened through 1/8th inch (3 mm) mesh, with bone sorted into identifiable and non-identifiable sets. The more recent excavations were conducted within 50 cm2 quadrants within 1 m squares and all sediments were wet-screened through a nested 12 mm, 3 mm, and 1·5 mm mesh sieve".
The register below corresponds to the remains uncovered from Layer 11 in both excavations combined, including additional identifiable material found in the non-identifiable bags from the original excavations. This additional material was presented by Marean et al. (2000) in their analysis of the large mammal fauna from this layer.
Metadata
Sample number: 3938
Contributor: Benjamin Carter
Enterer: Benjamin Carter
Created: 2022-03-30 16:45:25
Modified: 2023-05-30 00:42:44
Abundance distribution
10 species
4 singletons
total count 395
geometric series index: 19.3
Fisher's α: 1.866
geometric series k: 0.5306
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.4017
Shannon's H: 0.8849
Good's u: 0.9899
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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Register
| Lepus spp. | 13 | |
| Bathyergus suillus | 300 | |
| Arctocephalus pusillus | 50 | |
| Procavia capensis | 6 | 2.8 kg browser |
| Taurotragus oryx | 20 | 393 kg browser-grazer |
| Oreotragus oreotragus | 1 | browser-grazer |
| Pelea capreolus | 1 | 16 kg grazer |
| †Antidorcas australis | 1 | |
| Raphicerus melanotis | 1 | 9.1 kg |
| also 50 Raphicerus spp. "Steenbok/Grysbok" | ||
| Alcelaphinae indet. | 2 | |
| "Alcelaphus/Connochaetes" - also 417 Bovidae indet. | ||